The Upanishads, forming the concluding section of the Vedas, are profound repositories of philosophical wisdom, often referred to as Vedanta. The term ‘Upanishad’ is derived from the root word ‘sad,’ which encompasses three meanings: (i) to sit down, (ii) to destroy, and (iii) to loosen. ‘Upa’ means ‘near,’ and ‘ni’ signifies ‘with devotion.’ Thus, the word ‘Upanishad’ conveys the idea of a disciple sitting close to their teacher with deep reverence, ready to receive teachings about the highest Reality. This sacred knowledge unravels doubts and dispels ignorance. However, over time, ‘Upanishad’ came to represent any secret teaching about Reality.
The Muktikopanishad lists 108 Upanishads, but only 10-11 are both significant and authentic, having been extensively commented upon by the great philosopher Shankaracharya. These Upanishads include:
- Isha
- Kena
- Katha
- Prashna
- Mundaka
- Mandukya
- Taittiriya
- Aitareya
- Chhandogya
- Brhadaranyaka
Despite their shared fundamental doctrines, interpretations of the Upanishads vary widely. At the heart of these texts lies the doctrine of monistic idealism, or idealistic monism.
The Upanishads are rich in imagery, offering the mind deep, reflective thoughts and bringing peace and liberation to the heart. The Upanishads are filled with Ananda, or Supreme Joy, from which all things arise, by which they are sustained, and into which they ultimately return. These texts capture the passionate yearning for knowledge, the relentless pursuit of truth, and an unceasing quest for Reality.
The Upanishads also expanded upon the monistic ideas in the earlier Vedic Samhitas. During the Brahmana period, these philosophical concepts were largely overlooked in favour of rigorous ritualistic sacrifices. The Aranyakas mark a significant shift from ritualistic practices to philosophical inquiry, a transition fully realized in the Upanishads.
The Upanishads stand as the pinnacle of Vedic thought, embodying a transition from ritualistic practices to deep philosophical inquiry. Through their teachings, they invite seekers to explore the profound mysteries of existence, the self, and the ultimate Reality. The Upanishads have shaped the foundation of Indian philosophy, influencing countless generations of thinkers and spiritual aspirants. As timeless texts, they continue to inspire and guide those who seek to understand the deeper truths of life and the universe, offering a path to knowledge, peace, and liberation.
Reference
Sharma, C.D.: A Critical Survey of Indian Philosophy, MLBD, New Delhi 1973