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Have you ever wondered why René Descartes called his 1641 work ‘Meditations on First Philosophy’? It became lucid only with his later published work, Principles of Philosophy (1644), what he meant by ‘first philosophy’. In the preface of Principles of Philosophy, he talks about a metaphor. He says, “The whole of philosophy is like a tree…

The school of Materialism in India is ancient and likely arose as a protest against the excessive asceticism of Brahmana priests. Although it favoured enjoying the pleasures of life, Charvaka’s metaphysics never found approval in the Indian context. There are a few views suggesting how this school got its name. According to one view, Charvaka…